Lab 15 -> Various Circuits and short error analysis, Configurations of 2 bulbs 2 batteris for the brightest shine*, Capacitor resistance with uncertainty,

Useful Equations simply shown

2nd useful equations

 Various circuit schematics

#1

#1 Video

Explaination of why middle one not lit

 Various Circuits

Demo of different circuit schematics.

#1 Two bulbs light and the third no light. Predicted switch closed and bulbs having different brightness due to parallel and series lightness which series connected light bulbs would light up brighter than the parallel connected light bulb.

However, the result was the third in the middle stayed unlit and b/c the potential difference between the junctions were zero.  Up and down cancels as shown above.

#2 Vid

#2 Video new removal one bulb around same brightness

The error for this one is not distinct enough for the eye to detect and there is not enough light sensitive apparatus to make sure the intensity of light is constant b/c the geometry of the circuit could also be giving misleading results.

#2

 #2 , Both bulbs were lit and the switch was originally open. Prediction that the third light bulb would dim the 2 light bulbs even though an extra battery is added b/c the junction is zero in the new circuit added if pole were to be closed.

However, the result is nothing happened b/c the potential being the same from the left and right side and they are still being powered by the same batteries b/c the new battery is added a wrong way that makes junction point zero.

Error for this one is when closing the 2nd pole, the two seemed dimmed a tiny bit which could be the geometry of the set up not perfectly reflecting the diagram as the two junction point from the new circuit should not be effecting the two bulb.

Configurations of 2 bulbs 2 batteris for the brightest shine*

Result: Series and parallel of bat. bulb gives brightest configuration.

Testing circuitry with multimeter

one of medium configuration with "perfect wires". (same brightness)

4 configuration with more through testing with "perfect wire"

Resistor clipped in half.

Measuring resistance

Resistor in parallel.

Useful Equations

Solved the Resistor's resistance along with uncertainty.

The uncertainty is then compared to the manufacturer's standard which the range of experimental value matches with manufacturer standard of +/- 10%.

Lab 14 C22 ->Calculating Potential due to Ring and Rod( Excel and Calculus methods), Electric Potential Laboratory/Activity,

Calculating Potential due to Ring and Rod( Excel and Calculus methods) 
    Potential from a continuous charge distribution can be calculated in different ways, most common way engineers used is through excel spreadsheet because it is easy to quantify and make changes is various ranges of dq(s). The other methods yield approximately the same result.
First, we used an integral method in which the potential dV from each element of charge dq is integrated mathematically to give a total potential at the location of interest.  Second, we can approximate the value of the potential V by summing up several finite elements of charge Dq by using a computer spreadsheet or hand calculations.  Finally, we can use Gauss’ law to find the electric field along with the defining equation for potential difference to set up the appropriate line integral. Thus finding the potential difference due to continuous charge distribution of a ring geometry.
Here is a example problem done using Ring integration method.

    

Ring solved integration method symbolically

Potential solved by seperate dq(s) solved by excel

Need my pictures from the Excel data base

A positive charge and negative charge interactions with shown field lines to illustrate them.

Equation for showing charge and E field can be treated with scalar factors as delta r and delta u becomes x and y axis.

2 types of Graph on the right normal which is the same in trend with the graphs in excel shown below.

Equipotential dipole explained in graphs of two point particles. 

General equations 

Data Gathered

Equations solved in lab

Even more questions answered in Lab

Last question 

Comparison of two graphs from data and from book.

Lab 13 ->Dim vs. Bright Bulbs configurations, Application of Ohm's Law<-

Dim vs. Bright Bulbs configurations


   Two different configuration of circuits were set up. One configuration has dim light while the other one has the bright light. Parallel connection have most brightness while the not bright one was connected by series.

 Connected in the parallel: more powerful

Brighter parallel for bulbs configuration and series for battery connections.

Battery in parallel

    For example, think a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and one 3 V battery. If a wire joins the battery to one bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, then back to the battery, in one continuous loop, the bulbs are said to be in series. If each bulb is wired to the battery in a separate loop, the bulbs are said to be in parallel. If the four light bulbs are connected in series, there is same current through all of them, and the voltage drop is 1.0 V across each bulb, which may not be sufficient to make them glow. If the light bulbs are connected in parallel, the currents through the light bulbs combine to form the current in the battery, while the voltage drop is 3 V across each bulb and they all glow. Materially, the wires themselves can be improved. The wires could be switched to silver material for the least amount of resistance by doing calculations using material of silver conductivity vs copper conductivity, the formula was represented as with the same cross section. 
and considered everything as constant we get: Silver constant vs Copper constant ratio. from this equation






While in the circuit for the bright light, there were two circuits made. The first one had the battery connected to one bulb with two wires and then the second bulb was connected to the first bulb using another two wires. In this circuit, the two bulbs are separated into two circuits causing less resistance.


We can see a schematic drawing of the two circuits in the picture below. This is a simpler way of looking at the circuits using basic symbols.

Different configurations shown below

As shown above, the brightest shown for series for batteries while parallel for the bulbs, while exactly the opposite for dimmist configurations: which has parallel for batteries and series for the bulbs.

2 configurations as examples shown in class
SPST: single pole single transfer.

 Setup pictures.

Calculation that supports with the graph from logger pro with deg C 53 and Tf symbolically V1/mc+T0

Interaction between positive and negative charge in 3d space.

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Lab 12 ->Schematics of dim and bright configuration of light bulb, Setup for Current vs Potential graph from different gauge # of wires and short Error analysis.

Moss Feed Machine

Schematics of dim and bright configuration of light bulb.
Understanding light  bulb as resistors

LIght bulb made by conducting metallic material and non=conductive ceramic material.

It lights up both occasion because the flow of current doesnt matter to bulb(resistor).

Further reinforced supports of the lightbulb lights up in the same configuration.

Even if the positive and negative sides of batteries are flipped, the light bulb still lights up.

2 Batteries=double brightness

Schematics shown below.

Various way bulb will work and not work.

Very sensitive charge detector that detects Couloumbs permeated in the air q/4pi epsilon_0.

Explaination of how battery has potentials. 

Explainations of electric potential through physical flow of water as flow current of electrons.

Simple circuit showing current is the same event though resisters are in series which only affect resistance of circuit.

Chronologically ordered Ammeter

Setup for using Ammeter

Measuring amperes at 120 milliamperes for single battery.

Examples of Best conductors, with best structural electron density

Atomic periodic table's Silver with weaker ones as gold, and others.

Velocity of electron generally goes one direction and is calculated below 

Equation for I current both mostly for Vd and I determination which is dependent on q roe_n, A, and v_d variables in proportional relationships.

Setup for Current vs Potential graph from different gauge # of wires and short Error analysis.

A demo of resistor as a coil of wire draws current from battery through an ammeter.

The line has a perfect linear slope of 7.256 as the units of Voltage /Ampere.

By comparing current of potential, a linear line was graphed from because the equation states V=IR, wire being the different cross sectional areas that render a different logger pro graph.

 

Different wires thin to thick cross sections

I=V/R can be changed into V=(V/I)I+V_0, and the equation shows a V/I resistance value to see the current flow of the wire. The general trend is that as wire's cross-section gets bigger, the more current can pass through more C/s with less resistance. thus, the units of resistance for ohm's law is R=V/I. And the Resistance for thicker wires is smaller for thicker wires. 

Differing materials have non Ohmic law properties and does not have a linear 

The above is an example of non-Ohmic material that follows a different formula with a differential constant I=kV/R

Error Analysis: 

The error comes from extremely mild electrostatic interactions of charges that permeates the air(which can be hard to detect without state of the art magneto detectors).